![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Here, we show that in chess, an intellectually demanding activity where men dominate at the top level, the difference in the performance of the best men and women is largely accounted for by the difference that would be expected, given the much greater number of men who participate. 2008) and higher participation rates of men ( Charness & Gerchak 1996 Chabris & Glickman 2006) have all been proposed. 2005), gatekeeper effects ( Davidson & Cooper 1992 Steele 1997 Huffman & Torres 2002), cultural differences ( Andreescu et al. 2000 Ayalon 2003), gender roles ( Massa et al. Socialization and different interests ( Benbow et al. There are various possible explanations for this apart from innate biological differences (for critiques and negative findings see Kerkman et al. ![]() 519 emphasis added).ĭespite the increasing proportion of women in intellectually demanding professions, they are still underrepresented at the top level in science ( Long 2001 Xie & Shauman 2003 Ceci & Williams 2007) and engineering ( Long 2001). As Irwing & Lynn (2005) said: ‘different proportions of men and women with high IQs… may go some way to explain the greater numbers of men achieving distinctions of various kinds for which a high IQ is required, such as chess Grandmasters, Fields medallists for mathematics, Nobel prize winners and the like’ (p. Recent research confirms that, although there is little difference between the average scores of men and women on intelligence and aptitude tests, highly intelligent people are predominantly male ( Deary et al. Geary 1998 Kimura 1999 Pinker 2002) and laypeople when he suggested that innate biological differences in intellectual abilities may explain why the most successful scientists and engineers are predominantly male ( Summers 2005). The former president of Harvard University, Lawrence Summers, expressed a view widely held by both academic researchers (e.g. ![]()
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